In a landmark judgment that carries significant weight for both the telecommunications sector and the insolvency landscape in India, the Supreme Court has clarified the legal standing of telecom spectrum. The Apex Court ruled that spectrum is a "community resource" and "national wealth," emphasizing that proceedings under the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC) cannot be used to determine the ownership or control of such vital resources.

This ruling settles a long-standing debate between the Department of Telecommunications (DoT) and financial creditors over whether spectrum—often the most valuable asset of a distressed telecom company—can be treated as a private asset to be sold or transferred during a corporate insolvency resolution process (CIRP).

The legal battle centered on a fundamental question: Does a telecom company "own" the spectrum allocated to it, or does it merely hold a "right to use" governed by a license agreement?

When major telecom players like Aircel and Reliance Communications (RCom) entered insolvency proceedings, banks and resolution professionals sought to include the spectrum in the "liquidation estate" or the resolution plan. Their goal was to sell the right to use the spectrum to recover massive outstanding debts. However, the Department of Telecommunications (DoT) consistently argued that spectrum belongs to the people of India, managed by the government as a trustee. According to the DoT, a license to use spectrum is conditional, and those conditions (including the payment of statutory dues) must be met before any transfer can occur.

The Supreme Court, echoing the principles laid down in the historic 2G spectrum case, reiterated that the government holds spectrum in public trust. The court noted that because spectrum is a finite and invaluable natural resource, its management must prioritize the public interest over private commercial gain.

By labeling spectrum as a "community resource," the Court has effectively placed it outside the standard definition of "property" that a company can claim absolute ownership over. This means that while a telecom company has the right to use the frequency under a contract, that contract is subject to the regulatory sovereignty of the State.

One of the most complex aspects of this case was the "non-obstante" clause of the IBC (Section 238), which generally dictates that the IBC prevails over other laws in case of a conflict. Creditors argued that the IBC should override the Indian Telegraph Act and the terms of the license agreements.

However, the Supreme Court clarified that the IBC is a mechanism for "resolution," not a tool to bypass the fundamental nature of a license. The Court held:

Ownership is not Transferable via IBC: A resolution plan cannot unilaterally decide who owns or controls the spectrum.
Dues must be Cleared: The right to use spectrum is contingent upon the payment of Adjusted Gross Revenue (AGR) dues and other license fees.
DoT’s Approval is Mandatory: Any transfer of spectrum usage rights requires the explicit consent of the DoT, following the guidelines set by the government.

This judgment is a significant blow to banks and financial institutions that were banking on spectrum sales to recover their NPAs (Non-Performing Assets) from the telecom sector.

Earlier, lenders argued that if spectrum is not considered an asset that can be transferred, the value of a distressed telecom company drops to almost zero, making the insolvency process futile. With this ruling, the Supreme Court has made it clear that "public wealth" cannot be sacrificed to settle "private debt." Lenders must now recognize that their security interest in a telecom company does not extend to an absolute right over the airwaves.

To put it simply, imagine a person rents a government-owned plot of land to run a business. If that person goes bankrupt, their creditors can sell the chairs, the computers, and the machinery. However, the creditors cannot claim they now "own" the government land or can sell the "rental agreement" to someone else without the government's permission.

The Supreme Court has applied this logic to the digital world. Spectrum is the "land" of the digital age. By protecting it as a community resource, the Court ensures that the government retains the power to ensure that whoever uses the spectrum is capable of providing service and is meeting their financial obligations to the national treasury.

The Court also touched upon the fact that spectrum cannot be hoarded or kept idle during long, drawn-out insolvency battles. Since it is a national resource, it must be used efficiently. If a company is unable to pay its dues or continue operations, the spectrum should ideally return to the "pool" managed by the government, rather than being locked in a legal stalemate between banks and the IBC authorities.

The Supreme Court’s decision brings much-needed clarity to the intersection of technology, finance, and law. While it complicates the recovery process for lenders in the telecom sector, it upholds a higher constitutional principle: that the natural resources of the country belong to its citizens.

By ruling that the IBC cannot determine the ownership of spectrum, the Court has reinforced the regulatory authority of the Department of Telecommunications and ensured that "national wealth" remains protected from being treated as a mere commodity in bankruptcy proceedings.

As India moves further into the 5G and 6G era, this precedent will serve as a foundation for how all-natural resources—be it minerals, water, or airwaves—are treated in the face of corporate insolvency.