In a significant judgment reinforcing the protection of government employees against unsubstantiated corruption charges, the Calcutta High Court (Circuit Bench at Port Blair) has held that the mere recovery of "tainted money" is not enough to convict a person under the Prevention of Corruption (PC) Act. The Court emphasized that for a conviction to stand, the prosecution must strictly prove two foundational elements: the demand for the bribe and its acceptance.

The ruling came from Justice Apurba Sinha Ray, who dismissed an appeal filed by the State against the acquittal of a Revenue Officer (Patwari). The officer had been accused of demanding and receiving a bribe of ₹5,000 for processing a land mutation application.

The case dates back to an incident where a complainant alleged that the respondent, a Revenue Officer, demanded ₹5,000 to process the mutation of land records. Following the complaint, the Anti-Corruption Unit organized a "trap" operation. During this operation, the officer was allegedly caught "red-handed" with the marked currency notes.

The trial court, after evaluating the evidence, acquitted the officer, noting several inconsistencies in the prosecution’s story. The State subsequently moved the High Court, arguing that the recovery of the money was sufficient to prove guilt and that the trial court had overlooked the testimony of 12 witnesses.

Justice Apurba Sinha Ray, while upholding the acquittal, focused on a well-settled principle of criminal jurisprudence: the "Sine Qua Non" (essential condition) of Corruption Cases.

1. Recovery vs. Proof of Demand

The High Court noted that while the police might find money in an officer's possession, that fact alone does not prove a crime occurred. The prosecution has a "heavy duty" to prove that the officer actually asked for the money (Demand) and took it willingly as a bribe (Acceptance). In this case, the Court found that the prosecution failed to establish these foundational facts.

2. Hostile Witnesses and Lack of Independent Corroboration

A major blow to the State's case was the behavior of the "shadow witnesses"—individuals who are supposed to observe the bribe-giving process during a trap. One shadow witness turned "hostile" (refused to support the police story), while the other admitted they did not actually see the demand or the passing of the money. Furthermore, some witnesses confessed to signing documents at the police station rather than at the scene of the alleged crime.

3. The "Motive" Problem

One of the most striking findings by the Court was that the land mutation (the reason for the alleged bribe) had already been completed before the complaint was even filed. This raised a serious question: why would an officer demand a bribe for work that was already finished? This discrepancy suggested that the entire complaint might have been an afterthought or motivated by other reasons.

4. Scientific Failures (CFSL Report)

The Court also pointed out flaws in how the forensic evidence was handled. The Central Forensic Science Laboratory (CFSL) report was found to be deficient. It lacked details on the source of samples, specimen seals, and the proper resealing of exhibits. Without a "foolproof" chemical analysis, the "pink hand" test (phenolphthalein test) often used in trap cases lost its legal weight.

Under Section 20 of the Prevention of Corruption Act, there is a "presumption" that if an officer accepts money, it is a bribe. However, the High Court clarified that this presumption does not trigger automatically.

The Court relied on several Supreme Court precedents, including the Constitution Bench ruling in Neeraj Dutta, to reiterate that:

"Presumption under Section 20 arises only after foundational facts of demand and acceptance are proved. If the foundation is missing, the accused cannot be asked to prove their innocence."

The Calcutta High Court’s decision serves as a reminder that in the eyes of the law, the "formalities" of a trap—such as recovery of money and chemical tests—are secondary to the actual evidence of a corrupt intent.

By upholding the acquittal of M. Hari Krishna, the Court reaffirmed that the prosecution must prove its case beyond a reasonable doubt. Suspicion, however strong, cannot take the place of legal proof. This judgment will likely be cited in many future cases where "recovery" is used as the sole basis for prosecution in corruption matters.

Case Title: State v. M. Hari Krishna
Case No.: CRA/7/2025
Court: Calcutta High Court (Circuit Bench at Port Blair)