Case Title: CHETAN VERSUS THE STATE OF KARNATAKA

Citation: 2025 INSC 793

Court: Supreme Court of India

Bench: Hon’ble Mr. Justice Surya Kant and Hon’ble Mr. Justice Nongmeikapam Kotiswar Singh

Date: May 30, 2025

Appeal No. Criminal Appeal No. 1568 of 2013

BACKGROUND:

The Indian legal system holds a fundamental tenet: an accused is presumed innocent until proven guilty, and the burden of proof rests solely on the prosecution. This burden becomes exceptionally challenging in cases where there are no eyewitnesses, forcing the conviction to rely entirely on a chain of surrounding circumstances.

The Supreme Court’s judgment in Chetan v. State of Karnataka (2025 INSC 793) stands as a critical exposition on the doctrine of circumstantial evidence, specifically refining the application of the "last-seen together" theory. The Court addressed the core question of whether a gap of several days between the last sighting of the victim with the accused and the discovery of the dead body is sufficient to break the chain of evidence. The verdict emphatically stated that robust, decisive forensic evidence and the unexplained conduct of the accused can effectively bridge the temporal gap, thereby maintaining the integrity of the evidentiary chain.

FACTS:

The case centered around the murder of a young man, Vikram Shinde, in July 2006. The facts established by the prosecution are as follows:

The Last Sighting (Last-Seen Theory): On the evening of July 10, 2006, the appellant, Chetan, and the deceased, Vikram, who were friends, were last seen together. Chetan had borrowed his grandfather’s 12 Bore Double Barrel Breech Loading (DBBL) Gun and cartridges under the pretext of going for a hunting trip, and then took Vikram with him on his motorcycle.
Motive and Property Misappropriation: The prosecution alleged the murder stemmed from a monetary dispute, specifically a debt of approximately ₹4,000 owed by Chetan to Vikram. Crucially, after the murder, Chetan misappropriated a gold chain and a Nokia mobile phone belonging to the deceased.
Discovery of the Body: The dead body of Vikram was discovered in a secluded sugarcane field in Shahapur village on July 13, 2006, three days after the last sighting. Post-mortem examination determined the cause of death to be gunshot injuries to the head and fixed the time of death to three to four days prior, aligning with the night of the last sighting.
Recovery and Forensic Linkage (Section 27, Evidence Act): The appellant, Chetan, was arrested after absconding for several days. Pursuant to his disclosure statement made under Section 27 of the Evidence Act, the police recovered the gold chain of the deceased, the stolen mobile phone, and the murder weapon—the 12 Bore DBBL Gun.
Ballistic Certainty: The forensic and ballistic report proved the most decisive piece of evidence. It confirmed that the pellets and wads recovered from the deceased's skull were fired from the recovered 12 Bore DBBL Gun. Furthermore, the report confirmed that the weapon had been discharged recently.

The case, built entirely on the foundation of the circumstantial evidence summarized above, proceeded through the judicial hierarchy:

Trial Court (FTC-II & Addl. Sessions Judge, Belgaum): Convicted Chetan under Section 302 (Murder) and Section 404 (Misappropriation of deceased’s property) of the Indian Penal Code (IPC), and under Sections 25 and 27 of the Arms Act, 1959 (for unlawful possession and use of the firearm).
High Court of Karnataka: Upheld the convictions and sentences passed by the Trial Court.
Supreme Court of India: The appellant challenged the concurrent findings before the apex court, arguing that the three-day time gap between the last-seen event and the body's discovery was too long to sustain a conviction based on the last-seen theory.

Judgment and Reasoning:

The Supreme Court, in a detailed analysis, dismissed the appeal, largely upholding the lower courts’ judgment, with a minor modification regarding the stolen mobile phone.

The Five Golden Principles of Circumstantial Evidence:

The Bench, led by Justice Surya Kant and Justice N. K. Singh, reiterated the five golden principles laid down in the seminal case of Sharad Birdhichand Sarda v. State of Maharashtra, which govern conviction based on circumstantial evidence. The Court analyzed each circumstance to ensure the complete and unbroken chain necessary for conviction:

The circumstance from which the conclusion of guilt is to be drawn must be fully established.
The facts so established should be consistent only with the hypothesis of the guilt of the accused.
The circumstances should be of a conclusive nature and tendency.
They should exclude every possible hypothesis except the one to be proved (the guilt of the accused).
There must be a chain of evidence so complete as not to leave any reasonable ground for the conclusion consistent with the innocence of the accused.

The central legal argument revolved around the time gap of three days. Traditionally, the last-seen theory is strongest when the time interval is so minimal that the possibility of intervention by a third party is ruled out.

The Court held that the three-day gap did not break the chain because it was robustly filled by other, scientifically certain circumstances:

Forensic Corroboration: The ballistic report provided the missing link. The recovered gun was not only the murder weapon but was recovered based on the accused’s confession, which is admissible only under Section 27 of the Evidence Act. The forensic matching of the pellets to the gun and the evidence of the weapon’s recent discharge placed the commission of the crime within the knowledge of Chetan.
Absence of Third-Party Intervention: The time of death (3-4 days prior to discovery) was consistent with the time Chetan and Vikram were last seen. The Court noted that the deceased was shot in a secluded sugarcane field, minimizing the "possibility of intervention by another" and aligning the last sighting directly with the murder.

Adverse Inference (Section 106, Evidence Act)

The judgment placed significant reliance on Section 106 of the Evidence Act, which states that when any fact is especially within the knowledge of any person, the burden of proving that fact is upon him.

The prosecution proved that Chetan and Vikram were last seen together, and Chetan was in possession of the murder weapon and stolen articles.
The fact of how and when Chetan parted ways with Vikram, and why the gun was recently discharged, was a fact peculiarly within Chetan’s knowledge.
Chetan offered no plausible explanation for these facts. His failure to explain the recent discharge of the murder weapon, coupled with his subsequent abscondence for 11 days, was treated as a crucial piece of adverse evidence, completing the chain of circumstances and showing a consciousness of guilt.

The Final Verdict:

The Supreme Court concluded that the cumulative effect of the circumstantial evidence was overwhelming and that the chain was complete: the last-seen sighting, the recovery of the murder weapon and stolen property (gold chain), the scientific certainty provided by the ballistic report, and the accused’s failure to offer an explanation, all pointed conclusively to Chetan’s guilt.

The conviction was sustained under Section 302 IPC (Murder), Section 404 IPC (misappropriation of the gold chain), and the relevant sections of the Arms Act. The Court, however, gave a marginal benefit of doubt concerning the mobile phone's recovery, partially setting aside the Section 404 conviction related to that single item, but this did not alter the conviction for murder or the sentence of life imprisonment.

Significance of the Judgment:-

Chetan v. State of Karnataka is a pivotal judgment for two primary reasons:

Flexibility of the Last-Seen Rule: It clarifies that the requirement of "temporal proximity" (the time gap) in the last-seen rule is not rigid. A longer time gap is acceptable, provided that other robust and credible circumstances—especially scientific or forensic evidence—intervene to fill the vacuum and eliminate the possibility of a third party’s involvement.
Emphasis on Forensic Integration: The case underscores the essential role of forensic science (specifically ballistic reports) in modern criminal jurisprudence, showing how scientific certainty can overcome the ambiguities often associated with indirect evidence. It sets a precedent for prosecutors to effectively use forensic linkage to counter defense arguments based on the time-gap in the "last-seen" theory.

In essence, the verdict reaffirms the "Panchsheel Rule" for circumstantial evidence, demonstrating that when the prosecution meticulously connects every fact, leaving no room for reasonable doubt or alternative explanations, justice can be secured even in the absence of direct testimony.

JUDGEMENT LINK 🔗

Source: Supreme Court of India https://share.google/DHduQXeKptEbR4PeA